Common Medical Abbreviations

*Common Medical Abbreviations*

> *Rx* = Treatment
> *Hx* = History
> *Dx* = Diagnosis
> *q* = Every
> *qd* = Every day
> *qod* = Every other day
> *qh* = Every Hour
> *S* = without
> *SS* = One & half
> *C* = With
> *SOS* = If needed
> *AC* = Before Meals
> *PC* = After meals
> *BID* = Twice a Day
> *TID* = Thrice a Day
> *QID* = Four times a day
> *OD* = Once a Day
> *BT* = Bed Time
> *hs* = Bed Time
> *BBF* = Before Breakfast
> *BD* = Before Dinner
> *Tw* = Twice a week
> *SQ* = sub cutaneous
> *IM* = Intramuscular
> *ID* = Intradermal
> *IV* = Intravenous
> *Q4H* = (every 4 hours)
> *QOD* = (every other day)
> *HS* = (at bedtime)
> *PRN* = (as needed)
> *PO or "per os"* (by mouth)
> *Mg* = (milligrams)
> *Mcg/ug* = (micrograms)
> *G or Gm* = (grams)
> *1TSF* (Teaspoon) = 5 ml
> *1 Tablespoonful* =15ml
~ *DDx* =differential Diagnosis
*Tx* =Treatment
*RTx* =Radiotherapy
*CTx* =Chemotherapy
*R/O* =rule out
*s.p* =status post
*PMH(x)* ost medical history
*Px* rognosis
*Ix* =Indication
*CIx* =contraindication
*Bx* =biopsy
*Cx* =complication...

*Knowledge About Blood*
1. Which is known as ‘River of Life’?
*Answer: Blood*
2. Blood circulation was discovered by?
*Answer: William Harvey*
3. The total blood volume in an adult?
*Answer: 5-6 Litres*
4. The pH value of Human blood?
*Answer: 7.35-7.45*
5. The normal blood cholesterol level?
*Answer: 150-250 mg/100 ml*
6. The fluid part of blood?
*Answer: Plasma*
7. Plasma protein fibrinogen has an active role in?
*Answer: Clotting of blood*
8. Plasma protein globulins functions as?
*Answer: Antibodies*
9. Plasma proteins maintain the blood pH?
*Answer: Albumins*
10. Biconcave discs shaped blood cell?
*Answer: RBC* (Erythrocytes)
*11. Non nucleated blood cell?*
*Answer: RBC* (Erythrocytes)
12. Respiratory pigments present in RBC?
*Answer: Haemoglobin*
13. Red pigment present in RBC?
*Answer: Haemoglobin*
14. RBC produced in the?
*Answer: Bone marrow*
15. Iron containing pigment of Haemoglobin?
*Answer: Haem*

Biology_And_Medical_MCQs

★ #Biology_And_Medical_MCQs ★

Q1. Biosensor is used to measure?
A. Blood glucose level ✔✔✔
B. The body pH value
C. Amount of hemoglobin
D. Salinity in Urine

Q2. Digestion of food is completed in the __________.
A. small intestine ✔✔✔
B. large intestine
C. stomach
D. Liver

Q3. Carrot is good source of Vitamin?
A. A
B. B complex ✔✔✔
C. C
D. D

Q4. For proper formation of teeth, __________ is essential.
A. iodine
B. copper
C. fluorine ✔✔✔
D. iron

Q5. Deficiency of __________ causes loss of appetite and poor growth.
A. zinc ✔✔✔
B. iodine
C. copper
D. iron

Q6. Meteorology is the study of?
A. seasons
B. atmosphere ✔✔✔
C. air and sounds
D. winds and clouds

Q7. The Carbon Dioxide in the atmosphere, by volume, is
A. 0.039% ✔✔✔
B. 3.9%
C. 13%
D. 30%

Q8. Diamond is an allotropic form of
A. Carbon ✔✔✔
B. Hydrogen
C. Nitrogen
D. Silicon

Q9. The good sources of Vitamin-A are
A. green leafy vegetables ✔✔✔
B. seeds
C. fresh vegetables and fruits
D. sea foods

Q10. The good sources of Vitamin-B Complex are
A. green leafy vegetables
B. seeds ✔✔✔
C. fresh vegetables and fruits
D. sea foods

Q11. The good sources of Vitamin-C are
A. green leafy vegetables
B. seeds
C. fresh vegetables and fruits ✔✔✔
D. sea foods

Q12. The good sources of iodine are
A. green leafy vegetables
B. seeds
C. fresh vegetables and fruits
D. sea foods ✔✔✔

#COMPUTER 100 #BASIC #MCQS #FOR #NTS #PPSC & #FPSC #TESTS****

#COMPUTER 100 #BASIC #MCQS #FOR #NTS #PPSC & #FPSC #TESTS****

1. The length of IP address is? Ans. 32 bits

2. Facebook was launched in? Ans. 2004

3. The docx file contains? Ans: MS Office Word

4. The file extension DLL stands for? Ans. Dynamic Link Library

5. The extension of a MS Access Database is? Ans. mdb.

6. The key combination used to permanently delete a file from Windows computer? Ans. Shift + delete

7. Shortcut Key to open a new document is? Ans. Ctrl + N

8. Data is permanently stored in? Ans. Hard Disk

9. What are the steps to upgrade a 32-bit version to a 64-bit version of Windows? Ans. It cannot be upgraded

10. To change a lowercase letter to uppercase and uppercase letter to lowercase select? Ans. Sentence Case

11. CSS stands for: Ans. Cascading Style Sheets

12. The general format of the URL is as follows: Ans. type: // Address /path /

13. The computer abbreviation “OS” stands for: Ans. Operating System

14. The shortcut key to delete a file without sending to recycle Bin is: Ans. Shift + Del

15. How many versions of Windows 8 for PC have been released? Ans. 3 versions

16. A group of 8 bits is called: Ans. Byte

17. To subscript a text, shortcut key is: Ans. Ctrl + <

18. The file extension .jsp stands for: Ans. Java Server Page

19. What is the full form of WWW? Ans. World Wide Web

20. The microphone converts the sound into: Ans. Electrical Signals

21. A device which connects multiple nodes to the network is: Ans. A hub

Biology_Important_Topics_For_MCAT_Entry_Test

NTS_Topics

1- Cutin is a lipid. It is not a protein.
2- Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar.
3- Isoprenoids are monomers of carotenoids, steroids and terpenes.
4- ATP, RuBP, NADP all have ribose sugar in them
5- Most enzymes work at slightly Alkaline pH.
6- With each cardiac output Kidney receives 10 %.{ both Kidneys receive 20 %}
7- In a molecule of DNA nucleotides are linked both vertically and horizontally.
8- Tetroses are least abundant carbohydrates in nature.
9- Charged pores in a cell membrane are formed by Channel proteins.
10- Cytokinesis is the division of CELL after the division of cytoplasm. It is not the division of cytoplasm.
11- Bacterial chromosome has DNA only, nothing else.
12-NOSTOC lacks mitochondria and hence it is not present.
13- Chromosome condensation is at PEAK in METAPHASE phase.
14- All those sugars ending in ''ulose'' are KETO SUGARS {exceptions are Fructose and Dihydroxyacetone}, these are also keto.
15- Agar, Pectin, Starch do not contain NITROGEN in them.
16- CHITIN has NITROGEN in it.
17- Alkaloids {Nicotine, Daturine and Atropine} are frequently present in SOLANACEA family.
18- Acoelomates, Psuedocoelomates, Coelomates ALL have MESODERM in them.
19-CAPSID of Polio Virus is SPHERICAL in shape.
20- ENDOSPORES are formed during DECLINE phase.
21-Spores are formed during ASEXUAL reproduction in Rhizopus.
22-Most superficial infections are caused by Duetromycetes fungi.
23-RED ALGAE also help in Coral formation.
24-Secondary host of Liver fluke is SNAIL.
25-TRANSDUCED bacterium has three types of DNA in it. {Of itself, of other bacteria and of Virus}
26-RHIZOPUS is Aseptate and Multinucleate.
27-Bacteriophage is always DNA, it cannot have RNA.
28-First organ system ever developed in evolution after formation of Mesoderm is neither Digestive, nor Nervous but it is EXCRETORY system by PLATYHELMENTHES.
29-HYDRA has no specialized muscle cells because it lacks MESODERM.
30-Triploblastic animals with radial symmetry are not Coelenterates, Arthropoda, and Chordates.
31-Mesoderm has originated from cell extensions of ectoderm and endoderm.
32-In most of the animals around us OPEN TYPE blood circulation is present.
33-Longest part of Digestive system is ILEUM.
34-innermost layer of digestive systems is MUCOSA.
35- Pancreas is involved in Chemical digestion of LIPIDS.
36-Mucous is made of Glycoprotein.
37-Trypsinogen is activated by Enterokinase enzyme.
38-Ciliated Epithelial cells are present in TRACHEA.
39-Respiratory surface is 2-cell thick.
40-CO, carbon monoxide has highest affinity for Hemoglobin-
41-Ptaylin works on the food when it passes through esophagus.
42- One fatty acid does not combine with another fatty acid and hence no linkage is present in two fatty acids.
43-An oxygen molecule in an alveolar space crosses 5 membranes till it reaches our red blood cells.
44- Hemoglobin can carry both CO and CO2, 02 and CO2 simultaneously.
45- Pappilary muscles are extensions of Endocardium.
46-In case of fungal infections Eosinophils increases in numbers.
47-Lymph flow requires a strong pumping by blood.
48-Mitral valve is also known as Bicuspid valve.
49-Urinogenital tract is also known as Urethra.
50-Maximum re-absorption of water takes place in Proximal Convoluted Tubule.
51-Covering of Kidneys is Fibrous capsule.
52-Kidney interstitium is related to Aldosterone for more concentration.
53-Hepatic Vein has maximum amount of Urea.
54-Antibodies are transferred from mother to both fetus and Neonate.
55-Interferon are the antibiotics produced against viral attack.
56-Maturation of sperms takes place in Epididymus.
57-Thickest layer of female reproductive tract is Myometrium.
58-First polar body is present along with secondary oocyte.
59-Thickest endometrium is present just before Menstruation.
60-Bulbouretheral gland performs the function of neutralization of urine and lubrication.
61-Testosterone is secreted in human male before birth.
62-Ovulation relates to the release of secondary oocyte.
63-Olecranium process is the process involved in locking Ulna and Elbow joint.
64-Smooth muscles first time appeared in Phylum Platyhelmenthes.
65-Digestion is not controlled by Cerebrum.
66-Medulla connects brain with spinal cord.
67-Adrenaline and nor-adrenaline are synergistic.
68-Veinous blood contains hormones.
69-Posterior lobe of Pituitary secretes ADH, secretes Oxytocin but does not synthesize any hormone.
70-Adrenaline dilates the pupil and ATROPINE also has the same function.
71-Sense organs like ears, eyes and nose are controlled directly by fore brain.
72-Neuroglial cells are actually SCHWANN cells.
73-T-1 refers to producers, T-2 refers to primary consumers, T-3 refers to secondary consumers and T-4 refers to tertiary consumers.
74-Mycorhiza is an association between plants growing in Acidic soil.
75-Leaves are eaten by caterpillars and caterpillars are eaten by black birds.
76-Grasses are resistant to grazing due to underground stem.
77-Pesticide kills both insects and weeds.
78-Stability in system is related to Food Web; more complex the web, the more is stability of the system.
79-Symbiosis most correctly refers to living together of two organisms.
80-Herbivores are referred to as Primary Consumers and hence possess maximum amount of energy.
81-A car parked in sunlight and its temperature is higher than outside. It is an example of Green house effect phenomenon.
82-10% energy flows from one level to another of the total amount of energy.
83-Relation between T2 and T1 is GRAZING.
84-relation between T2 and T3 is called Predation.
85-Green house gases are CO2 and CFCs.
86-Food web is beneficial with more number of chains in it.
87-Parasitism, Commensalism and Mutualism can be present between the same species.
88-Retrovirus is used for Gene Therapy.
89-20 RNA nucleotides in the primer of PCR.
90-Male and female has more number of genes and more number of alleles respectively.
91-Autosomal diseases include color blindness and hemophilia.
92-Bombay disease refers to lack of an attacement factor.
93-50% RBC make composition of blood.
94-Community is a biotic factor of the ecosystem.
95-Golgi apparatus is absent in Blue green algae which is a prokaryote.
96-Asperigillus is an example of Brown mold.
97-Atropine and Adrenaline are synergistic.
98-Enterobius Vermicularis is present in Large intestine.
99-Primase plays the role of first logical step in the process of DNA replication.
100-During replication nucleotides used are triphosphates.
101-Golgi vesicles forming Golgi apparatus probably bud off from Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
102-Hollow peristaltic contractions are called Hunger pangs.
103-Glycerol is absorbed in VILLI.
104-Carbonic acid is formed red blood cells.
105-Semilunar valves are present in heart, blood vessels and lymph vessels.
106-Granulocytes are polymorpho nuclear in nature.
107-Lithotripsy removes all types of stones present in gall bladder, urinary bladder and Kidney.
108-Eosinophil and Basophil are antagonistic to each other.
109-Fibrinogen, Thrombocytes and Basophills all are involved in clotting of blood directly or indirectly.
110-Basophills release Heparin.
111-Urine is formed in Distal convoluted tubule.
112-CO is neutral in nature.
113-Single molecule of Haemoglobin has 4 iron groups in it.
114-Hip and shoulder joint are synovial joints.
115-Hormones are always released in Veinous blood.
116-Unmarried lady has more number of degenerated Corpus Luteum .
117-Ligaments differ from tendons in having Elastin.
118-Fermentation occurs in cytosole and Mitochondria.
119-Plasmid gene transfer are used for bacteria only.
120-DNA ligase not required for PCR.
121-Antigen of donor reacts with antibody of recipient.
122-Hydrogen bonds are more sensitive as compared to other bonds
123-Chlorophyll a is common in antenna complex and reaction center of photosynthesis.
124-Evolution operates upon population.
125-Product of evolution is the origin of a new species.
126-Pilli are made up of PILLIN protein.
127-Wheat grain is seed as well as fruit.
128-Structural unit Reflex action is Neuron.
129-Nerve Tracts are part of Central Nervous System.
130-Secretion of Histamine by Basophills is sometimes related with use of Penicillin.
131-Carotid Labyrinth is a swallowing at the base of carotid artery and its function is to maintain the pressure of blood.
132-Most common form of glucose is in Ring form.
133-In prokaryotes the transcription takes place in nucleoid.
134-Leaves of Bamboo are used to cure the Horses.
135-Antibodies are present in blood lymph and interstitial fluid.
136-Retrovirus are not used in genetic engineering in bacteria.
137-Aristotle first discussed evolution

Chemistry MCQ's for Mcat/Ecat

CHEMISTRY MCQ'S FOR ENTRY TEST EXAMINATION

Atoms, Molecules, Mixtures & Compounds
All are made up of millions of:
1. Atoms✔
2. Carbons
3. Molecules
4. Oxygen

An (a) ......... the smallest possible particle of element which has all the properties of that element:
1. Atoms✔
2. Carbons
3. Molecules
4. Oxygen

Elements are made up of:
1. Atoms✔
2. Carbons
3. Molecules
4. Oxygen

All atoms of an atom are:
1. Similar✔
2. Different
3. Both a & b
4. Rusty

The most common element found on the earth is:
1. Hydrogen
2. Carbons
3. Helium
4. Oxygen✔

The most simplest element found on the earth is:
1. Hydrogen✔
2. Carbons
3. Helium
4. Oxygen

When two or more Atoms combine together a (an)........ is formed :
1. Molecule✔
2. Atom
3. Both a & b
4. Oxygen

H2O is a chemical formula of:
1. Water✔
2. Milk
3. Salt
4. Sugar

A (an) .......... is the smallest particle of a compound and is made up of groups of atoms:
1. Molecule✔
2. Atom
3. Both a & b
4. Mixture

Molecules are not always made up of .......... elements:
1. Same
2. Similar
3. Different✔
4. Both a & b

Molecules are not always made up of .......... elements:
1. Same
2. Similar
3. Different✔
4. Both a & b

Name of Common Elements Symbols
Hydrogen H
Sodium Na
Carbon C
Nitrogen N
Oxygen O
Fluorine F
Chlorine Cl
Potassium K
Helium H
Neon Ne
Calcium Ca
Sulphar S
Phosphorus P
Aluminium Al
Magnesium Mg
Iron Fe
.......... are the simplest form of substance:
1. Atom
2. Molecule
3. Element✔
4. Both a & b

There are almost ....... elements found in nature:
1. 70
2. 120✔
3. 110
4. 100

.......... is the lightest gas and used for filling party and advertisement balloons:
1. Helium
2. Hydrogen✔
3. Oxygen
4. All of these

........, magnesium & iron are hard to used in building cars, bridges & houses:
1. Carbon
2. Aluminium✔
3. Fluorine
4. All of these

Metals and Non Metals are two important group of .......... on earth:
1. Mixtures
2. Elements✔
3. Compounds
4. All of these

Metals are usually solid at room temerature:
1. False
2. True✔

Metals can be drawn into sheets and wires:
1. False
2. True✔

Non Metals are often gases but some are also solid:
1. False
2. True✔

That made up by chemical combination of two or more elements:
1. Mixtures
2. Elements
3. Compounds✔
4. All of these

That are represented by formulas:
1. Mixtures
2. Elements
3. Compounds✔
4. All of these

Compounds Formulas
Carbon di-oxide CO2
Sodium Chloride NaCl
Sodium Carbonate Na2CO3
Water H2O
Sodium Hydroxide NaOH
It is made up of two or more substances, which are not combined chemically:
1. Mixture✔
2. Element
3. Compound
4. All of these

A........ can be separated into components by physical method:
1. Mixture✔
2. Element
3. Compound
4. All of these

A........ can be broken down into components by chemical method:
1. Mixture
2. Element
3. Compound✔
4. All of these

The components of ......... are mixed in a fixed ratio:
1. Mixture
2. Element
3. Compound✔
4. All of these

........... is mixture of gases:
1. Air✔
2. Solid
3. Liquid
4. All of these

........... % of Nitrogen gas in atmosphere:
1. 78✔
2. 21
3. 0.9
4. 0.037

........... % of Oxygen gas in atmosphere:
1. 78
2. 21✔
3. 0.9
4. 0.037

........... % of Other gases in atmosphere:
1. 78
2. 21
3. 0.9✔
4. 0.037

........... % of Carbon di-oxide gas in atmosphere:
1. 78
2. 21
3. 0.9
4. 0.037✔

The main reason of global warming due to the green house effect is:
1. Nitrogen
2. Hydrogen
3. Helium
4. Carbon dioxide✔

Planting more trees that convert carbon dioxide to .......... in the process of photosynthesis:
1. Lactose
2. Cellulose
3. Glucose✔
4. All of these

It is a process of separating insoluble solids from a mixture:
1. Crystallization
2. Distillation
3. Filtration✔
4. Sublimation

You can separate a salt solution by another process called:
1. Crystallization✔
2. Distillation
3. Filtration
4. Sublimation

It is a process of purifying a liquid:
1. Crystallization
2. Distillation✔
3. Filtration
4. Sublimation

It is a process of purifying a solid:
1. Crystallization
2. Distillation
3. Filtration
4. Sublimation✔

It is a process that is used to separate coloured chemicals substances, especially dyes:
1. Crystallization
2. Distillation
3. Filtratio
4. Chromatography✔

Which of the following has a positive charge:
1. Proton
2. Neutron
3. Electron